From the Sector

Baldwin Technology Company Inc. will be offering two virtual opportunities for customers to learn more about the company’s innovative non-contact spray finishing systems. These technologies will be showcased in October during an in-depth webinar event, as well as during the Innovate Textile and Apparel Virtual Trade Show.

The interactive and free webinar “How to Deliver Sustainability with Non-Contact Spray” will be held twice on October 13, with a recording provided for all who register for later viewing. During this event, industry veteran Rick Stanford, Baldwin’s Business Development Leader for textiles, will discuss the sustainable functionality of the Precision Spray and Ahlbrandt Rotor Spray technologies.

The Innovate Textile and Apparel Virtual Trade Show will take place online October 15 to 30. In Baldwin’s virtual booth, the company will showcase its non-contact spray systems for finishing and remoistening. Its TexCoat G4, TexMoister G2 and Ahlbrandt Rotor Spray technologies are designed to save chemistry, time and production costs, while enabling sustainable textile production.

“We are excited to present our revolutionary non-contact spray systems during the webinar and the virtual Innovate Textile and Apparel show,” said Stanford. “Participants will learn how non-contact spray has become a game-changing technology in sustainable textile finishing. It dramatically cuts chemical waste and energy consumption, while increasing productivity and quality. We will show attendees how our systems work and in what applications they are ideal for, as well as take questions. These are great opportunities to experience innovations that drastically improve both the process and product quality, while saving time and chemistry, and contributing to a more sustainable future.”

Die beiden internationalen Leitmessen für technische Textilien und Vliesstoffe sowie für die Verarbeitung textiler und flexibler Materialien blicken positiv gestimmt auf die kommenden Ausgaben vom 4. bis 7. Mai 2021 in Frankfurt am Main. Mit zusätzlichen digitalen Formaten, einem umfangreichen Hygiene- und Sicherheitskonzept, neuen Claims und einem Wechsel des Geländeteils kündigen beide Messen Veränderungen an.  

Vom 4. bis 7. Mai 2021 versammeln sich erneut internationale Anbieter technischer Textilien und Vliesstoffe sowie von Maschinen zur Verarbeitung textiler und flexibler Materialien zur Techtextil und Texprocess in Frankfurt am Main. Vor dem Hintergrund der weltweiten Corona-Krise sieht die Messe Frankfurt als Veranstalter positiv auf die kommenden Ausgaben. Mit zusammen 1.818 Ausstellern aus 59 Ländern und insgesamt rund 47.000 Fachbesuchern aus 116 Ländern fanden im Mai 2019 die bislang größten Ausgaben der Techtextil und Texprocess in Frankfurt statt.

Veränderte Hallenplanung und neue kommunikative Ausrichtung
Neuerungen ergeben sich auch für die Geländebelegung beider Messen. Mit der Ausgabe 2021 nutzen die Techtextil und die Texprocess mit den Hallen 8, 9, 11 und 12 erstmals das Westgelände der Messe Frankfurt.

Mit einer Neuausrichtung in der Kommunikation schärfen die Techtextil und die Texprocess zur kommenden Ausgabe ihr Profil weiter. Im ersten Schritt erhalten beide Messen neue Unterzeilen. Ab sofort kommuniziert die Messe Frankfurt die Techtextil mit dem Zusatz „Performance. Function. Future.“ und die Texprocess mit „Technology. Efficiency. Progress.“ Damit sollen der Dynamik und Innovationskraft der Branche stärker Ausdruck verliehen werden.

Vielzahl an neuen Formaten – physisch und digital
Neben den Präsentationen der Aussteller auf der Techtextil und Texprocess bieten beide Messen erneut eine Vielzahl an  Rahmenveranstaltungen, Highlight-Themen und Sonderformaten.
Zusätzlich zu den geplanten physischen Formaten setzen die Techtextil und die Texprocess verstärkt auf digitale Ergänzungsformate für Aussteller und Besucher. Geplant sind unter anderem Live-Streamings von Konferenzformaten, neue digitale Präsentationsmöglichkeiten für Aussteller und Möglichkeiten zum digitalen Matchmaking zwischen Ausstellern und Besuchern.

Erstmals zeigt die Texprocess in einer Denim Future Factory die Zukunft der Denim-Verarbeitung mit besonderem Fokus auf die Aspekte Nachhaltigkeit und den wachsenden Luxussektor für Denimprodukte. Ausgebaut wird zudem auf beiden Messen das Thema Nachhaltigkeit, indem erstmals auch Produkte und Nachhaltigkeitsansätze von Ausstellern herausgestellt werden, die zwar noch nicht zertifiziert sind, aber Nachhaltigkeit in der Branche vorantreiben. Die Techtextil und Texprocess Innovation Awards prämieren zudem nachhaltige Innovationen. Abgerundet wird das Angebot auf der Techtextil durch ein neues Format einer Modenschau zu Smart und Functional Textiles. Das Techtextil und das Texprocess Forum bringen hochrangige Branchenexperten in Vorträgen, Workshops und Paneldiskussionen auf die Bühne.

Heimtextil erstmals parallel zur Techtextil und Texprocess
Die Techtextil und Texprocess teilen sich im Mai 2021 erstmals das Messegelände mit der Heimtextil, der größten Fachmesse für Wohn- und Objekttextilien. Hintergrund der terminlichen Verschiebung der Heimtextil sind die aktuelle Situation im Rahmen der Corona-Pandemie und die damit verbundenen internationalen Reisebeschränkungen.
Die Fachmesse findet normalerweise jährlich im Januar in Frankfurt am Main statt und bietet 2021 die einmalige Chance, zusammen mit der Techtextil und Texprocess zusätzliche Synergien entlang der textilen Kette zeitgleich auf dem Frankfurter Messegelände abzubilden. Fachbesucher aller drei Messen erhalten durch die Parallelität der drei Messen einen umfassenden Überblick über funktionale Materialien für Wohn-und Objekttextilien bis hin zu deren Verarbeitung. Bereits jetzt spricht das Messe-Duo Techtextil und Texprocess mit dem Segment „Hometech“ die Heimtextilien-Branche an.

Umfangreiches Hygienekonzept
Die aktuelle Lage rund um Covid-19 macht es notwendig, auch weiterhin mit Auflagen bei großen Veranstaltungen zu rechnen. Im Mittelpunkt der Planungen für die Techtextil und die Texprocess im Mai 2021 steht daher die Gesundheit der Aussteller, Besucher, Partner und Mitarbeiter. Die Messe Frankfurt arbeitet auf Basis eines Konzeptes, das detaillierte hygienische, medizinische und organisatorische Maßnahmen umfasst. Hygiene, Abstand und Frischluftzufuhr sind wichtige Faktoren des Konzepts, das die Messe Frankfurt kontinuierlich mit den zuständigen Behörden abstimmt. Die Aussteller der Techtextil und Texprocess erhalten Hinweise und Empfehlungen für ihren Messeauftritt, die den aktuellen Bestimmungen entsprechen.

Aktuelle Informationen zum Schutz- und Hygienekonzept der Messe Frankfurt sind hier http://techtextil.com/hygiene und hier http://texprocess.com/hygiene zu finden. Zudem gibt eine Corona-Hotline unter der Nummer 069 / 75 75 – 6699 täglich von Montag bis Freitag von 8 bis 16 Uhr Auskunft zu allen Gewerken und den Maßnahmen der Messe Frankfurt zur Durchführung von Veranstaltungen während der Corona-Pandemie.

• Finnish coating and gelcoat manufacturer Finnester strengthens its activities in the D-A-CH region with AMAC

As of September 15th 2020, the Finland-based coating and gelcoat manufacturer Finnester Coatings Oy strengthens its activities in German speaking countries, the so-called D- A-CH region, comprising Germany, Austria and Switzerland with Dr. Michael Effing from AMAC.

Finnester is a pioneer in developing high-quality coatings and gelcoat for both urface spread as well as flame and thermal insulation of composite solutions in different fields of industries. Their portfolio comprises products based on Polyester coatings for fire and thermal protection as well as ceramifying polymers like HybridRED, compliant with the requirements of the standards e.g. EN45545-2. In
order to develop new business opportunities in the D-A-CH region for the endmarkets building and infrastructure, transportation, marine, industrial and electrical industries, Finnester is cooperating with AMAC to accelerate the process of locating suitable partnerships.

Ari Hokkanen, CEO of Finnester: “Finnester has developed unique high-quality coatings. The cooperation with AMAC will accelerate our growth ambitions and supports us in finding new business opportunities. We are happy to benefit from AMAC and Dr. Effing’s long-term experience as a pioneer in the composites industry and his high-quality network along the entire value chain.” Dr. Effing, CEO of AMAC GmbH confirms: “Fire-retardant coatings are very important to the composites industry in order to be successful especially in rail, fast ferry and building & infrastructure applications with their tough fire standards. The DACH region represents more than 30 % of the European market and is the key target for Finnester. I am looking forward to supporting Finnester with their unique offerings and connecting them with key players in the D-A-CH region.”

True Temper Sports, leading designers and manufacturers of golf shafts, has chosen to partner with Hexcel on its latest product line, the HZRDUS Smoke Black RDX. The HZRDUS Smoke Black RDX is the first golf shaft to use Hexcel’s new HexTow® HM54 carbon fiber, which is ideal for recreational applications.

HZRDUS has emerged as one of the most dominant shafts at all levels of golf over the past 50 years, and the RDX is the next evolution in the HZRDUS line. By partnering with Hexcel to incorporate HexTow HM54, True Temper has taken its designs to the next level. HZRDUS Smoke Black RDX is the first golf shaft to use HexTow HM54 high modulus carbon fiber and combines it with high tensile strength HexTow® IM2C carbon fiber to provide the ideal blend of stiffness and stability desired by engineers to build into the HZRDUS shafts.

True Temper Sports is the No. 1 shaft in golf. It has been used to win more professional golf tournaments than any other shaft manufacturer. True Temper Sports offer shafts under the True Temper, Project X, ACCRA, Aerotech, and Grafalloy brands.

Optimum wool dyeing solution aligned to ZDHC MRSL standards

Singapore – Huntsman Textile Effects’ LANASOL® CE dyes, provide the industry with the sustainable alternative to after-chrome dyes for wool. LANASOL® CE dyes offer a consistent, safe and reliable dyeing process that can effectively replace chrome dyes for wool. This helps mills conform to ZDHC MRSL standards and meet the stringent requirements of global brands and retailers.
The use of Chrome VI, including Dichromate, is banned in the ZDHC Manufacturing Restricted Substances List (ZDHC MRSL). Wool processors working for brands and retailers that have adopted ZDHC MRSL must therefore act quickly to finalize their chrome replacement developments.

Developed by Huntsman Textile Effects specifically to meet these challenges, LANASOL® CE is a state-of-the-art chrome-free dye range that allows mills to discontinue the use of after-chrome dyes. LANASOL® CE outperforms traditional after-chrome dyes across the board – at every level of dyeing and processing.

“LANASOL® CE dyes have always been recognized as the leading brand in the wool industry. Our innovative dyeing auxiliaries and successful dyeing systems with LANASOL® CE provide the highest technical performance, helping customers to protect the natural beauty of wool, achieve water, energy and time savings while rendering chrome dyes obsolete,” said Alessandro Larghi, Global Marketing Manager for Wool at Huntsman Textile Effects.

As a champion of a sustainable textile industry, Huntsman Textile Effects has long been a strong advocate for the shift away from after-chrome dyes. Huntsman Textile Effects first introduced LANASOL® CE in 1997, before the introduction of any regulation on the restricted use of dichromate.

• Gestärkt in die Zukunft der Faserverbundanwendungen im Bauwesen

Das Fachnetzwerk CU Bau des Composites United e.V. stellt für die Entwicklung zum internationalen Verband strategische Weichen. Für den Einsatz von faserverstärkten Werkstoffen im Bauwesen konnte der erfahrene und in der Branche gut vernetzte Textil-Beton-Visionär Roy Thyroff ab September 2020 als Geschäftsführer gewonnen werden.

Bis 2019 widmete sich der Technische Betriebswirt und Industriemeister Textil als Geschäftsführer dem Aufbau der V. Fraas Solutions in Textile GmbH, entwickelte u.a. Maschinen- und Anlagentechnologien für die Herstellung und Weiterverarbeitung von Technischen Textilien, Textilbewehrungen und Carbon-Bewehrungen. Seit Juni 2019 ist er mit der Firma rothycon entlang der gesamten textilen Wertschöpfungskette aktiv. Von 2012 bis 2019 war Roy Thyroff außerdem Verbandsgeschäftsführer des Tudalit e.V., bis er Ende Juni 2019 in den Vorstand gewählt wurde.

CU Bau agiert für das Ziel, die gesamte Bauwirtschaft – von Bauherren über Architekten und Planern bis hin zu Zulassungsstellen sowie Bauunternehmen – mit Informationen und gut aufbereitetem, praxisorientiertem Wissen zu Bauprodukten mit faserverstärkter Beton- und Polymermatrix zu versorgen. Damit diese optimal, materialgerecht und mit entsprechenden Zulassungen einsetzt werden können. Schon heute treibt der CU Bau als überregionales Fachnetzwerk des international vernetzten Composites United e.V. für die ca. 400 Mitglieder aus Industrie und Wissenschaft die Akzeptanz und den flächendeckenden Einsatz von faserverstärkten Werkstoffen im Bauwesen voran.

For more than 50 years, vehicle manufacturers have relied within their model development on Autoneum’s measuring systems for vehicle acoustics. With ATLAS, Autoneum has now added another particularly powerful device to the portfolio: Thanks to the efficient and reliable measurement methodology, noise-reducing vehicle components and materials can be analyzed and developed faster and with a significantly lower need for resources in the future.

With the ongoing electrification of vehicles and trends like autonomous driving, future car generations will no longer be used solely for transport – remote working and recreation will equally play a key role. This requires a vehicle interior that is as noiseless as possible. In order to identify and insulate potential internal and external sound sources already in the pre-development of new models, car manufacturers around the world rely on Autoneum’s highly specialized measurement tools. The newly launched ATLAS – short for “Airborne Transmission Loss Analysis System” – measures the acoustic insulation and transmission loss of components such as carpets, inner dashes and floor insulators. This allows customers to assess noise-reducing parts within minutes and select acoustic components tailored to their needs.

ATLAS sets new testing standards in this regard. While developers previously had to analyze the NVH behavior (noise, vibration, harshness) of interior parts using material samples of around one square meter in size, ATLAS makes this process faster, cheaper and more environmentally-friendly. It enables measurements of small samples with a diameter of no more than ten centimeters, which substantially decreases the amount of material used. Thanks to its four highly sensitive microphones, only two trials are required to collect precise and valid test data, making the system developed at Autoneum’s research center in the Swiss city of Winterthur especially suitable for quality assurance and repeatability of the results obtained. Users also benefit from time savings of up to 50 percent compared to the previous testing standard.

Autoneum’s measurement systems represent the global industry standard and are used successfully by vehicle manufacturers, automotive suppliers and research institutions alike. The Company is therefore not only making a significant contribution to the mobility of the future with its noise-reducing products, but now with ATLAS as well.

• Kettelhack GmbH – a German leader in the dyeing and finishing of monochrome fabrics for high-quality and durable workwear and bed linen – has this year retired its existing Monforts sanforizing line after 35 years of daily service, replacing it with a new one.

The first line was installed in 1985 during a decisive time for the company.

Taking the helm in the early 1980s, Jan Kettelhack – the current CEO, owner and great grandson of Heinrich Kettelhack who founded the company back in 1874 – made a number of decisions that have secured its success over the following decades.

In 1982 Kettelhack had to vacate its existing plant in the city of Rheine due to urban development restrictions and despite a general sense of crisis in the European textile industry at that time, opted to relocate and build a new highly automated plant that was not reliant on mechanical and personnel-intensive processes. This was aligned with a greater focus on competitive international sales.

From 1986, the company’s proficiency as a specialist in solid-colour textiles led to workwear textiles becoming a bedrock of the business. Continuous investments in machinery and technical equipment have resulted in a fully integrated and rationalised single source site dedicated solely to what the company does best – the expert dyeing and finishing of textiles.

Crucial process steps

These stages in the textile value-added chain, Jan Kettelhack has observed, are crucial to the quality of a final product in workwear – whether it stands the test in everyday use, how comfortable it is, and how many washes it can withstand.

Central to this is the sanforizing process, which pre-shrinks a fabric by compressing it prior to washing. This limits any residual or further shrinkage in a made-up finished garment to less than 1%, to ensure perfect comfort and fit over an extended lifetime.

“We certainly can’t complain about the performance of the old Monfortex sanforizing line which gave us so many uninterrupted years of service, but certain spare parts for it were becoming increasingly hard to source, the control unit was becoming a little unstable and we couldn’t risk potential interruptions to our production schedule,” says Kettelhack plant manager Hendrik Pleimann. “In many ways, the new Monfortex sanforizer is much the same as the old one in terms of its mechanical reliability and robust construction, but of course today’s drives are much more efficient, and when it comes to the automation features and control units – and the data we can generate and analyse for increasing efficiency – that’s a whole new world.”

Qualitex 800

The two-metres-wide Monfortex line benefits from the latest Qualitex 800 control system which allows all parameters to be easily automated via the 24-inch colour touchscreen, including production speed, control of all fabric feed devices, rotation spray or steaming cylinder options, the width of the stretching field and the rubber belt pressure.

The integrated Compactomat system allows a continuous indication and control of the shrinkage values and the temperatures of the shrinking cylinder and felt calender. Up to 10,000 separate process parameter records can be generated and stored by the data manager.

Full line management can be optimised via the batch-specific calculation of all process material consumption and water and electricity use, with any standstill times analysed and immediately corrected for the future.

Any further assistance required is available via Monforts Teleservice, with direct connection to technicians and virtual access to machine analysis.

Professional

Commissioning of the new Monfortex line at Kettelhack commenced in January and it was fully operational in a relatively short time.

“This was a very professional installation provided by the Monforts team with whom we have a very good relationship dating back many years, and everyone knew what was required from both sides,” says Mr Pleimann. “Our operators have found the new line very user friendly and we are very pleased with how everything proceeded so smoothly. An unexpected benefit is that the new line is also a lot quieter, of course, which is something our operatives are appreciating.”

Key features of the Monfortex line are the proven fabric preparation, weft straightening and spreading units, prior to the compressive shrinkage machine with a 750mm shrinking cylinder, and a felt calender equipped with 2,000mm diameter drying cylinder. The line also features an integrated automatic grinding unit.

Customer service

Kettelhack is processing primarily cotton and polyester woven fabrics, with lyocell becoming increasingly popular in workwear for its softness and comfort.

As part of its customer service, the company stocks more than a million metres of grey fabric and at least 1.2 million metres of finished and rolled standard fabric in its warehouse at any one time, with a further 750,000 metres permanently in production.

While a significant cost, this commitment ensures Kettelhack customers can be fully flexible and rely on it as a partner.

“As a family-run company with around a hundred employees, Kettelhack operates very differently to bigger businesses which have to constantly consider their immediate quarterly profits,” Mr Pleimann concludes. “The thinking at Kettelhack is in terms of the next twenty years and ensuring that the business will be just as successful for the next generation as it is today. We also have a very flat organisational structure in which everyone is involved and takes an active part, which makes it a very nice place to work.”

Rester Oy, which is developing the plant in Paimio, recycles companies' end-of-life textiles, and Lounais-Suomen Jätehuolto Oy (LSJH), which will hire a production area at the same facility, processes households' end-of-life textiles. The plant will process 12,000 tonnes of end-of-life textiles every year, which represents about 10% of Finland’s textile waste.

The textile industry’s end-of-life textile problem is intolerable. Natural resources are increasingly used to manufacture products, but these materials are lost at the end of their life cycle. About 100 million kilograms of textile waste are generated annually in Finland alone. Reusing this material could reduce the textile industry’s carbon footprint and significantly reduce the use of natural resources.

Rester Oy and LSJH will drive the textile sector towards a circular economy and begin processing textile waste as an industrial raw material. The Nordic countries’ first industrial end-of-textile refinement plant will open in Paimio in 2021. The 3,000-square-metre plant is being developed by Rester Oy, which recycles companies' end-of-life textiles and industrial waste materials. LSJH, which processes households’ end-of-life textiles on its production line, will hire part of the plant.

Outi Luukko, Rester Oy’s board chair, says, “The processing plant will begin a new era of textile circular economy in Finland. As industry pioneers, we are launching a system change in Scandinavia. The transition of the textile industry from a linear model to a circular economy is essential, as virgin materials cannot sustain the current structure of the textile industry. And why should it, when there is so much recyclable material available?”

From the perspective of Rester Oy’s main owner, work clothing supplier Touchpoint, the circular economy plant not only represents resource efficiency, but is also necessary from the perspective of the entire life cycle of a responsible work clothing collection.

Luukko adds, “Finding a local solution to a global problem is a huge leap in the right direction and raises Finland's profile as a pioneer of circular economy."

The future plant will be able to process 12,000 tonnes of end-of-life textiles annually, which represents about 10% of Finland’s textile waste. Both production lines produce recycled fibre, which can be used for various industrial applications, including yarn and fabric, insulating materials for construction and shipping industries, acoustic panels, composites, non-woven and filter materials, and other technical textiles, such as geo-textiles.

LSJH is piloting a full-scale refinement plant

LSJH has launched a pilot production line for processing households' end-of-life textiles. Unfortunately, consumers' end-of-life textiles are heterogeneous, making them a challenging raw material for further processing. Before processing, the textiles are sorted by material into various fibre classes using optical identification technology developed by LSJH and its partners. This ensures the quality of the raw material and the resulting fibre products.

Jukka Heikkilä, managing director for Lounais-Suomen Jätehuolto, explains: “On the basis of the experiences gathered from the pilot project, Lounais-Suomen Jätehuolto is preparing a full-scale refinement plant in the Turku region. As soon as 2023, the plant will process Finnish households' end-of-life textiles. The project involves all waste treatment plants owned by Finnish municipalities.”

Paimio has ambitious goals for circular economy companies

Rester’s initiative aims to create a circular economy cluster in Paimio that combines the processing and reuse of end-of-life textile fibres. Paimion Kehitys Oy, which is owned by the City of Paimio and the local association of enterprises, supports the development of circular economy companies in Paimio.

Mika Ingi, managing director for Paimion Kehitys Oy, says, “We want to step out of our traditional municipal role and create significant added value for everyone taking part. That is why we are involved in the development of a new modern service model based on ecosystem thinking. We are piloting the textile cluster, followed in the coming years by clusters focusing on plastic, construction, and energy. The aim of our service is to support and help develop new profitable business by bringing circular economy companies and their potential customers to innovate together."

The foundation stone of the processing plant was laid today (18 August 2020). The processing plant will begin operations in February 2021.

• Zusammenschluss erhöht Effizienz bei der Entwicklung neuer Textildrucksysteme

Meerbusch, 3. August 2020 – Die Unternehmen Robustelli und For.Tex, ansässig in der italienischen Region Como, einem der größten Textildruckzentren der Welt, sind die wichtigsten Epson Gesellschaften im Segment des Textildrucks (DTF – Direct-to-Fabric). Während Robustelli sich hauptsächlich mit der Entwicklung und Produktion von Textildrucksystemen wie der Monna Lisa beschäftigt, sorgt For.Tex für die Herstellung und den Vertrieb der passenden Tinten.

Epson sieht den Textildruck als einen der am stärksten wachsenden Bereiche für sein Geschäft mit professionellen Drucklösungen. Die positive Entwicklung des Textildruckmarktes wird dabei primär durch eine Verlagerung des traditionellen plattenbasierten Analogdrucks hin zu digitalen Drucklösungen getrieben. Epson erwartet hervorragende Möglichkeiten, seine professionelle Tintenstrahltechnologie in diesem Geschäftssegment einzusetzen und verstärkt aus diesem Grund seine Produktreihe für diesen Bereich deutlich. Durch den Zusammenschluss von Robustelli und For.Tex wird dieses Vorhaben unterstrichen und versetzt Epson in die Lage, seinen Kunden stets bedarfsgerechte Lösungen für Tintenstrahldrucksysteme, Verbrauchsmaterialien und Dienstleistungen anzubieten. Die Fusion beider Tochterunternehmen von Epson soll bis Ende 2020 abgeschlossen sein.

Die globale Textildruckindustrie steht vor der Herausforderung, den Anforderungen der Verbraucher nach individuellen Designs in kleinen Auflagen gerecht zu werden. Entscheidend für ein erfolgreiches Engagement in diesem Bereich ist zudem, kurzfristige Lieferungen sicherzustellen und parallel die Umweltbelastung zu reduzieren. Die Inkjetlösungen von Epson steigern die Produktivität der Druckdienstleister und vermindern gleichzeitig den ökologischen Fußabdruck ihres unternehmerischen Handelns. Somit ist es möglich, kostengünstig bei geringer Umweltbelastung auch kleine Auflagen Textilien zu produzieren.