From the Sector

Researchers demonstrate how to use the power of the sun to turn plastic waste, such as drinks bottles, into clean hydrogen fuel at a scale large enough to be genuinely useful in the real world using a scalable approach.

The researchers, from the University of Cambridge, have previously demonstrated that a solar-powered reactor can convert plastic waste into clean hydrogen fuel and valuable industrial chemicals, but only at laboratory scale. 

Now, they have shown a clear path for converting this technology to a commercial scale, in outdoor, real-world conditions. 

While previous demonstrations have used a small reactor (catalyst) about 25cm square, the new device is significantly larger – about one metre square – which they tested under natural sunlight outside Cambridge’s Chemistry Department. This is the first time that this technology has been successfully used in outdoor conditions using scalable techniques. 

Instead of generating electricity like a conventional solar panel, the Cambridge devices drives a chemical reaction that converts waste into useful products while converting water to release clean hydrogen.

Earlier versions of the solar-powered panels required high temperatures, harsh chemicals, or complicated manufacturing processes. Typically, this involved small particles suspended in solution and deposited onto a substrate. 

“When we started trying to scale this technology up, we quickly found out that what seems simple on a small scale is not simple at all when you’re trying to make it at scale,” said co-first author Ariffin Bin Mohamad Annuar, from Cambridge’s Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry. “We can’t really have giant vats of solution to make these panels – it’s just not practical at scale.”

“If we’re really going to change the way we deal with the twin problems of plastic pollution and clean energy generation, we’ve got to develop a very scalable way to make these photocatalyst materials and reactors — and show that they really work outdoors,” said Professor Erwin Reisner, who led the research. 

The new panels can be assembled at room temperature without specialist equipment: first the light-absorbing material is sprayed onto a glass panel, and then the panel is coated with specially designed molecules containing cobalt and zirconium.

Co-author Professor Dominic Wright’s team, also from the Department of Chemistry, did the work to make the molecular precursor material. These precursors were then used by Reisner’s team for loading into a sprayer– like a household paint sprayer – so that the coating could be sprayed directly onto a glass panel. 

“What surprised me was, after all the optimisation, just how simple it is,” said Mohamad Annuar. “We just have this huge panel, we spray our catalyst on it, put it into our solution, put it under the sun, and it produces hydrogen and other valuable chemicals just from plastic waste. It’s just simple and scalable.”

The researchers showed the reactor works on materials ranging from cellulose to PET plastic bottles: the kind used for fizzy drinks. They also carried out a cost analysis to show what it would realistically take to scale the technology up commercially, which they say is a first for this type of research.

The spray-coating method developed by the Cambridge researchers dramatically reduces the cost to produce the reactors, which is vital to producing them at scale. However, the researchers say they still need to improve the durability and efficiency of the reactors before they are ready for commercial production. 

A patent for the technology has been filed with Cambridge Enterprise, the University’s innovation arm. The research was supported in part by the UK Department of Science, Innovation and Technology, the Royal Academy of Engineering, and Petronas. Erwin Reisner is a Fellow of St John’s College, Cambridge. Ariffin Bin Mohamad Annuar is a Member of Clare College, Cambridge.

Ponda, a UK-based biomaterials company with roots at Imperial College London, has partnered with the university to make branded clothing from wetland-grown plants.

The first products in this collaboration – a Mallard gilet and a Fern cap – are insulated with BioPuff®, a material made from bulrush grown on restored wetlands rather than oil or animal products. The clothing will be on sale exclusively at the Imperial College Union campus shop and online store this autumn.

Full circle collaboration
The world produces around 92 million tonnes of textile waste every year. That is the equivalent of a bin lorry of clothing burned or landfilled every second. Branded merchandise sits at a difficult intersection of this problem: it often relies on conventional materials with significant environmental impacts, yet is discarded long before the end of its useful life. BioPuff® offers an alternative approach, using plant-based insulation designed to connect product manufacturing with wetland restoration, and lower-impact material systems. Importantly, it also outperforms premium synthetics on warmth.

The collaboration between Ponda and Imperial is part of Sustainable Imperial, the university’s commitment to lead on climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution through research, education, operations and community action. But the ambition runs wider than one campus.

Professor Anna Korre, Imperial’s Associate Provost (Sustainability), said: "This partnership will give Imperial's community the chance to directly back climate friendly fashion innovation. We're proud to celebrate this collaboration as part of our strategy launch. Ponda's story is a powerful example of how Imperial aims to maximise its positive impact on people and planet by giving our students and innovators the tools they need to find solutions to some of the world's most pressing challenges."

About the innovative insulation
Ponda’s BioPuff® has already been used by fashion companies Stella McCartney, Berghaus, Ahluwalia and Sheep Inc. The team exhibited at the Sustainable Markets Initiative CEO Summit at Hampton Court Palace, where they met King Charles III and were recognised by the King’s Terra Carta Design Lab.
The first-of-its-kind insulation, which outperforms premium synthetics on warmth, is made from Typha (bulrush) and grown through paludiculture, the farming of wetland crops on rewetted peatlands.

Each BioPuff®-insulated gilet has the equivalent impact of restoring four square metres of healthy wetland. That represents approximately:

• 9kg of CO2e in avoided emissions each year
• 800 litres of water stored
• three times the bird density of drained land

Wetlands hold more than twice the carbon of all the world’s trees combined. The millions of hectares of drained peatlands emit approximately 1.9 gigatonnes of CO2 a year, roughly twice the total emissions of the global fashion industry.

The Textile PRO Forum has published a new analysis highlighting the need for greater harmonisation of textile Extended Producer Responsibility systems across Europe. New analysis shows strong differences in registration, reporting and invoicing requirements for textile producers.

The document, Toward harmonised Textile EPR Systems in Europe: analysis and recommendations, presents the results of work carried out by Workstream 1 of the Textile PRO Forum, led by Dr. Eng. Viola Corbellini, Strategic Development and Innovation Expert at Erion Textiles, and Eng. Luca Campadello, General Director at Erion Textiles. The workstream focused on reducing administrative burden for textile producers by identifying areas where procedures could be better aligned across countries.

The analysis is based on input from 12 Producer Responsibility Organisations covering 11 countries. It compares how emerging and existing textile EPR systems deal with producer registration, reporting of products placed on the market, invoicing, payments, producer identification and the role of digital tools.

The findings show that textile EPR systems are developing at different speeds and with different operational models across Europe. Registration may take place through online portals, direct contact with PROs, public authority systems or mixed models. Reporting frequencies also vary significantly, ranging from annual to monthly declarations. Requirements for Placed on the Market data, product categories, reporting units and invoicing practices are not yet aligned.

This fragmentation risks creating additional administrative complexity for companies operating in several European markets, especially SMEs, cross-border sellers and online operators. It may also reduce data comparability and make enforcement more difficult.

The analysis identifies several priority areas for harmonisation, including a minimum common EU-aligned dataset for registration, more consistent reporting calendars, clearer rules on producer identification, simplified reporting options for small producers, predictable invoicing and payment rules, and interoperable digital systems.

The Textile PRO Forum stresses that harmonisation does not mean eliminating all national specificities. Rather, it means defining a common core of rules, data and processes on which coherent national systems can be built.

The findings will be discussed at next week’s Textile PRO Forum plenary meeting, where participating PROs will take stock of the work carried out so far and consider next steps towards practical guidance and recommendations.

“Textile EPR is becoming a reality across Europe, but implementation must be workable for producers and effective for authorities. This analysis shows that harmonisation is not an abstract policy goal; it is a practical necessity to reduce administrative burden, improve data quality and support a well-functioning Single Market” says Anais De Bergeyck, Policy Officer at EURATEX.