Forschungspublikationen

3 Ergebnisse
02.08.2023

Strain sensing of textile structures with polymer-based bicomponent filaments

Fasern Sensorik Smart Textiles

Zusammenfassung

Strain monitoring can be critical for structures such as light weight composites or civil structures. Many of these application already use textiles or fibres, meaning that sensor fibres are predestined for incorporation and monitoring. Polymer-based sensor filaments allow for a wide range of tailorability for the individual applications. In this work, particle based nanocomposite filaments are melt spun. Afterward, they are characterised regarding the morphology and static resistivities. Lastly, selected filaments are tested regarding the dynamic resistivity to evaluate the suitability for use as a strain sensor using the example of carbon fibre composite structures. It is shown in this work that the sensor filament can be produced by the melt spinning process. Further challenges which are not yet solved included the identification of outlier filaments without destructive testing, as well as the data analysis for the generation of a calibration curve. In further work, other application cases will be tested as well as additional, elastic filaments.

Bericht

Introduction

Smart textiles and wearables are no new topics in the field of textile research. Nevertheless, they have yet to reach the market breakthrough expected. Instead, the drastic increase in the market share is pushed into the future with each new study. Despite this breakthrough delay, there is no shortage of work in the academic field.

Much of the work is currently focusing on employing metal coated yarns for applications in which electrical signals are detected and transmitted. Although the electrical conductivity of these materials is in the range of typical metals, they are often negatively influenced from external factors such as moisture and friction. One approach to combat the wear is to employ a material in which the conductive component is integrated during production rather than subsequently applied as a coating. This can be done through the melt compounding of conductive particles into thermoplastic polymers, which are then extruded to filaments. These materials are inherently conductive but, when spun alone, are still subject to the influence of external moisture.

In order to solve both problems of wear and influence of moisture, bicomponent thermoplastic filaments have been developed at ITA. Additionally, these filaments open up opportunities for new filament sensors to be integrated not only in clothing but also lightweight composites and civil structures. The production, characterisation and outlook of these novel filaments is described below.

Production

Melt spinning is a method for the continuous filament production. Specifically, monofilament melt spinning is used for the manufacturing of products such as fishing line, tennis strings and 3D-printer filament. With the addition of a second extruder bicomponent filaments can also be produced. A schematic visualisation of the employed bicomponent monofilament machine is shown in Figure 1.

In order to generate an inherently conductive compound, conductive nanoparticles are mixed with a carrier thermoplastic material. In this work, a commercially available compound consisting of 4 wt.% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 96 wt.% thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) from the company NanoCyl SA, Sambreville, Belgium is used. This compound is the core component of the filament. Two different sheath components are used: Polypropylene (PP) Moplen HP561R, LyondellBasel Industries Holding B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands and TPU 1185 from BASF Polyurethane, Lemsförde, Germany. The resulting filaments will be further referred to as PP/TPU and TPU/TPU. The production parameters for the filaments are shown in Table 1.

Table 1:            Production parameters for the monofilaments (see attached pdf)

Results and discussion

The cross-sections of the filaments are analysed using light microscopy. The samples are first embedded in epoxy and polished. The images of the filaments are shown in Figure 2. The variance of the final areas and diameters stem from the difference in the material density in the molten and solid state. In both filaments a clear distinction between the core and sheath components is visible.

Electrical analysis to determine the static and dynamic electrical resistance is done by cutting the filament cleanly to expose the core and then dipping the filament in silver paint. An electrical path from the core to the surface of the filament is generated and the filament can be contacted with standard clamps. This method is schematically shown in Figure 3. Unfortunately, due to the softness of the TPU in the sheath, this method is not suitable for the electrical contacting of the TPU/TPU filament. Therefore, only the results of the PP/TPU filament are presented.

For the first quantitative tests, electrical resistance is measured simultaneously while applying a tensile strain. The starting length of the filament to be deformed is 5 cm and a constant speed of 1 mm/min is applied. This roughly corresponds to a strain rate of 2 %/min. This slow speed is derived from the strain rates for testing of geoplastics. The total length of the sensor filament, including the length clamped in the tensile machine and length needed to attach the multimeter, is 20 cm. Five filament samples are tested in this set-up. The test set-up is shown schematically in Figure 4.

In conventional strain gauge technology, the electrical response of the sensor is given as the normalised change of the resistance using the equation below. Here Rε is the resistance at strain ε and R0 is the resistance at strain 0 %.

 

ΔR/R [-] = Rε [Ω] - R0 [Ω]R0 [Ω]

(1)

This same convention is initially used for the analysis of the sensor filaments. The resulting curves for the filament PP/TPU is shown in Figure 5, left. It can be seen that, although the general trend of the curves is similar, an exact calibration of the sensors is not yet possible. One assumption for the varying trends results from the variance in the R0 of the filaments, causing a difference in the scaling of the curves as shown is Eq. 1. The initial values R0 can be seen in Figure 6.

The sensor response is then calculated in regards only to the change in resistance, as opposed to the normalised change. This alternate equation can be seen below and the resulting diagram can be seen in Figure 5, right.

 

ΔR [Ω] = R [Ω] -R0 [Ω]

(2)

 

It can be seen that the response of the five tested filaments is in much more agreement when only the change in the resistance is considered. This result demonstrates the fact that the analysis of the novel sensor filaments may not be taken completely from conventional, current solutions and may have to be rethought entirely. Additionally, there seems to be a correlation between the noise of the measurements and the high R0, for example for repetitions 4 and 5. When these filaments are removed from the visual representation, a calibration of the sensor filament can be done with high precision until 7 %, which is generally larger than expected strains in structural applications (Figure 7).

Conclusion and Outlook

The results presented here show the extreme potential of polymer-based sensor filaments. Through the production parameters, the filaments can be tailored to match specific requirements of a variety of applications. These sensor filaments can revolutionise structural health monitoring in civil structures, lightweight components and many, yet to be discovered, applications. In order to realise this technological breakthrough, work still needs to be done in various aspects:

  • Identification of more technical applications, for which the sensor filaments can be relevant
  • Mechanical and electrical contacting of the filaments in a more robust manner, as well as contacting of the softer TPU/TPU filaments
  • Variation of testing parameters in order to investigate the sensor response under different loading cases (cyclic, relaxation, creep, different strain rates, combination of loading)
  • Testing of the sensor response after integration in to the substrate material
  • Data analysis to understand the proper data visualisation for the novel material
  • Improvements of the electrical circuit while testing to include four-point electrical measurements as well as the incorporation of a Wheatstone bridge

 

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) for funding of the project ZIM Plug&Sense (KK5055907ZG0).

AutorInnen: Jeanette Ortega Thomas Gries

ITA Institut für Textiltechnik der RWTH Aachen University
Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 1
52074 Aachen

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18.10.2022

Development of Textile Structures with Material-Intrinsic Shape Changing Capabilities for Regenerative Medicine (TexMedActor)

Garne Gewebe Nachhaltigkeit Technische Textilien Medizin

Zusammenfassung

In the IGF project 21022 BR/1 "TexMedActor", fabrics based on shape memory or electroactive yarns were developed which are capable of enclosing defects in hollow organs on the one hand and stimulating cells by micro-movements on the other. For this purpose, influences of spinning process and material composition on the shape memory behavior of TPU-based yarns were characterized and, in particular, the activation temperature was adjusted to values of the body core and body surface temperature. Furthermore, piezoelectric PVDF yarns were developed whose proportion of polar crystal phases was significantly increased by the spinning parameters and post-treatment, which also increased the piezoelectric behavior of the material. This allowed dynamic changes in pore size to be demonstrated in situ, which can have a stimulating effect on cells. With a new process and a new product group (textiles with intrinsic, active shape-changing capability), the results offer high innovation potential not only for medical devices, but also for a wide range of lucrative applications in a variety of niches, such as sports textiles and filter textiles. Furthermore, these can be used as a basis for the development of extracorporeal medical products such as compression textiles, bandages and orthoses.

Bericht

Introduction and Objective

In Germany, both demographic changes in society and injuries resulting from trauma are leading to a high proportion of people with cardiovascular diseases or injuries to vessels and internal organs requiring treatment. Treatment of injuries to internal organs, vessels, or nerves usually requires complex procedures (anastomoses) that involve elaborate fixation and suturing. These complicated and elaborate procedures are often associated with long procedure times, which in turn directly correlate with increased complication rates [1-3]. Tubular plastic implants are increasingly being developed to bridge such defects. These single material structures do not allow tissue/ cell ingrowth. Therefore, they run counter to the concept of regenerative medicine, which aims to restore body tissues and cells. In addition, when the defects are filled, regeneration is often disturbed due to the structural-mechanical properties that are not adapted to biomechanics. Furthermore, the lack of interconnectivity of the pore spaces of the replacement structures prevents the cell ingrowth, cell growth, nutrient supply and the removal of metabolic products.

In the context of in vitro tissue engineering, in addition to static cell culture systems, dynamic systems are also being developed. These are based, for example, on continuous or pulsating fluid flows or on a cyclic stretching of a clamped cell support system or substrate [4]. However, a replication of natural mechanical growth stimuli is not possible with such bioreactor systems because, especially in larger structures, there is a locally increased flow velocity along the largest pores or only an overflow of the entire cell support system. Additionally, undesirable stress peaks and undefined distortions occur in the region of the clamps and supports in mechanically stimulated systems.

Since the native structure of the four most important tissue types (connective and supporting tissue, nervous, muscular and epithelial tissue) from which organs, such as bones, blood vessels, muscles, tendons and ligaments, are formed, consists of fiber-like constructs, these can be particularly well biomimicked with textile structures. With the help of pre-designed fiber arrangements, three-dimensional, complex geometries with interconnecting pore spaces can be built up. The cells can use these structures to orient themselves in their growth direction [5]. Therefore, fiber-based high-tech structures are particularly predestined to overcome the limitations of currently available implants.

Therefore, within the framework of the IGF research project TexMedActor (21022 BR/1) novel textile structures with material-intrinsic shape changing capabilities were developed for regenerative medicine with a variety of different application fields, especially anastomosis. The concept pursued envisages the textile-technological realization of structures with a shape memory effect. The textiles should be able to assume predetermined geometries in order to adapt interactively to defects and to simplify complex interventions to bridge or support defects in internal organs like vessel and nerves. Furthermore, these textiles are intended to enable electromechanical stimulation for the actively targeted stimulating of cell growth. In this way, regeneration is accelerated or even made possible in the first place, since the necessary stimuli for tissue- and cell-adapted growth stimulation are lacking, especially in the case of body tissues with weak or no blood supply, such as cartilage, tendons, ligaments, or in the case of wound healing disorders or chronic wounds. Furthermore, novel bioreactors based on the intrinsic properties of the textile structures will be developed, which use the mechanism of action for electromechanical stimulation to uniformly stimulate the cells at each site even in highly complex and large-scale cell carrier structures. Here, the mechanical stimuli originate from the material itself. This material-intrinsic stimulation represent a new method for optimal cell cultivation, by stimulating cell on the textile cell carrier structures without externally applied fluid flows or mechanical deformation. This is intended to overcome two recognized medical technology problems: 1) complicated, costly operations on internal organs, vessels or nerves that are difficult or impossible to perform with minimally invasive procedures, and 2) lack of tissue- and cell-adapted stimuli for promotion of growth in previously used replacement structures and materials as well as currently available dynamic cell culture systems.

Acknowledgement

The IGF project 21022 BR/1 of the Research Association Forschungskuratorium Textil e.V. was funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Climate Protection via the AiF within the framework of the program for the promotion of joint industrial research (IGF) on the basis of a resolution of the German Bundestag. We would like to thank the above-mentioned institutions for providing the financial resources. Furthermore, we want to thank the member of the “Projektbegleitender Ausschuss” (project accompanying committee) for their support during the project.

AutorInnen: Benecke, Lukas; Aibibu, Dilbar; Cherif, Chokri

Technische Universität Dresden
Fakultät Maschinenwesen
Institut für Textilmaschinen und Textile Hochleistungswerkstofftechnik (ITM)
01062 Dresden

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18.10.2022

Entwicklung von Textilstrukturen mit materialintrinsischem Formänderungsvermögen für die regenerative Medizin (TexMedActor)

Garne Gewebe Nachhaltigkeit Technische Textilien Medizin

Zusammenfassung

Im IGF-Projekt 21022 BR/1 „TexMedActor“ wurden Gewebe auf Basis von Formgedächtnis- bzw. Elektroaktiven-Garnen entwickelt, die in der Lage sind, einerseits Defekte an Hohlorganen zu umschließen und andererseits durch Mikrobewegungen Zellen stimulieren zu können. Dafür wurden Einflüsse von Spinnverfahren und Materialzusammensetzung auf das Formgedächtnisverhalten TPU-basierter Garne charakterisiert und insbesondere die Aktivierungstemperatur auf Werte der Körperkern- und Körperoberflächentemperatur eingestellt. Weiterhin wurde piezoelektrische PVDF-Garne entwickelt, deren Anteil polarer Kristallphasen durch die Spinnparameter und Nachbehandlung deutlich erhöht war, wodurch auch das piezoelektrische Verhalten des Materials gesteigert werden konnte. Damit konnten dynamische Veränderungen der Porengröße in situ nachgewiesen werden, die eine stimulierende Wirkung auf Zellen entfalten können. Die Ergebnisse bieten mit einem neuen Verfahren und einer neuen Produktgruppe (Textilien mit intrinsischem, aktivem Formänderungsvermögen) nicht nur bei Medizinprodukten ein hohes Innovationspotenzial, sondern auch bei einer Vielzahl von lukrativen Anwendungen in einer Vielzahl von Nischen, z. B. Sporttextilien und Filtertextilien. Diese können weiterhin als Basis zur Entwicklung von extrakorporalen Medizinprodukten wie Kompressionstextilien, Bandagen und Orthesen genutzt werden.

Bericht

Einleitung, Problemstellung und Zielsetzung

In Deutschland führt sowohl der demografische Wandel der Gesellschaft als auch Verletzungen infolge von Traumata zu einem hohen Anteil von Personen mit behandlungsbedürftigen Erkrankungen des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems oder Verletzungen an Gefäßen und inneren Organen. Zur Behandlung von Verletzungen an inneren Organen, Gefäßen oder Nerven sind meist komplexe Eingriffe (Anastomosen) erforderlich, bei denen aufwändige Fixierungen und Nahtführungen erforderlich sind. Diese komplizierten und aufwändigen Prozeduren sind häufig mit langen Eingriffszeiten verbunden, die wiederum direkt mit erhöhten Komplikationsraten korrelieren [1‑3]. Zur Überbrückung solcher Defekte werden zunehmend tubuläre Kunststoffimplantate entwickelt, die jedoch kein Einwachsen von Gewebezellen ermöglichen und damit dem Konzept der regenerativen Medizin entgegenstehen, das die Wiederherstellung von Körpergeweben und ‑zellen anstrebt. Darüber hinaus kommt es bei der Auffüllung der Defekte häufig zu Störungen der Regeneration durch die nicht an die Biomechanik angepassten strukturmechanischen Eigenschaften. Ferner verhindern die fehlende Interkonnektivität der Porenräume der Ersatzstrukturen das Einwachsen von Zellen, das Zellwachstum, die Nährstoffversorgung und den Abtransport der Stoffwechselprodukte.

Im Rahmen des in vitro Tissue Engineerings werden neben statischen Zellkultursystemen auch dynami­sche Systeme entwickelt. Diese basieren beispielsweise auf kontinuierlichen oder pulsierenden Flüssigkeitsströmungen oder auf einer zyklischen Dehnung des eingespannten Zellträgersystems bzw. der Unterlage [4]. Eine Nachbildung der natürlichen mechanischen Wachstumsstimuli ist mit solchen Bio­reaktorsystemen jedoch nicht möglich, da sich insbesondere in größeren Strukturen eine lokal erhöhte Strömungsgeschwindigkeit entlang der größten Durchgangsporen bzw. lediglich eine Überströmung des gesamten Zellträgersystems einstellt und in mechanisch stimulierten Systemen unerwünschte Spannungsspitzen und undefinierte Verzerrungen im Bereich der Klemmen und Auflagen auftreten.

Da der native Aufbau der vier wichtigsten Gewebetypen (Binde- und Stützgewebe, Nerven-, Muskel- und Epithelgewebe) aus denen Organe, wie Knochen, Blutgefäße, Muskeln, Sehnen und Bänder, gebildet sind, aus faserartigen Konstrukten besteht, lassen sich diese mit textilen Strukturen besonders gut biomimetisch nachbilden. Mithilfe vorbedachter Faseranordnungen können dreidimensionale, kom­plexe Geometrien mit interkonnektierenden Porenräumen aufgebaut werden, an der sich Zellen in ihrer Wachstumsrichtung orientieren können [5]. Deshalb sind faserbasierte High‑Tech Strukturen zur Überwindung der Limitationen aktuell verfügbarer Implantate besonders prädestiniert.

Daher wurden im Rahmen des IGF-Forschungsvorhabens TexMedActor (21022 BR/1) neuartige Textilstrukturen mit materialintrinsischem Formänderungsvermögen für die regenerative Medizin mit einer Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Anwendungsfeldern, insbesondere der Anastomose, entwickelt. Das verfolgte Konzept sieht hierbei die textiltechnologische Realisierung von Strukturen mit einem Formgedächtniseffekt vor. Die Textilien sollen gezielt vorbestimmte Geometrien annehmen können, um sich an Defekte interaktiv anzupassen und um komplexe Eingriffe zum Überbrücken bzw. zum Stützen von Defekten an inneren Organen wie Gefäßen und Nerven zu vereinfachen. Ein weiterer Wirkmechanismus soll darüber hinaus die elektromechanische Stimulation mit dem Ziel der aktiven, gezielten Anregung des Zellwachstums ermöglichen. Somit soll die Regeneration beschleunigt bzw. überhaupt erst ermöglicht werden, da die erforderlichen Stimuli zur gewebe- und zellangepassten Wachstumsanregung insbesondere bei schwach bzw. nicht durchbluteten Körpergeweben, wie Knorpeln, Sehnen, Bändern, oder bei Wundheilungsstörungen oder chronischen Wunden fehlen. Es sollen weiterhin neuartige Bioreaktoren mittels intrinsischen Eigenschaften der textilen Strukturen entwickelt werden, die den Wirkmechanismus zur elektromechanischen Stimulation nutzen, um selbst in hochkomplexen und großskaligen Zellträgerstrukturen die Zellen an jeder Stelle gleichmäßig zu stimulieren. Die mechanischen Reize gehen hierbei vom Material selbst aus. Diese materialintrinsische Stimulation stellt eine neue Methode für die optimale Zellkultivierung dar, sodass die Zellen auf den textilen Zellträgerstrukturen unter Verzicht auf extern angelegte Flüssigkeitsströmungen oder mechanische Verformungen stimuliert werden können. Damit sollen zwei anerkannte medizintechnische Probleme behoben werden: 1) Komplizierte, aufwändige und mit minimalinvasiven Verfahren schwer oder nicht zu realisierende Operationen an innenliegenden Organen, Gefäßen oder Nerven sowie 2) fehlende gewebe- und zellangepassten Stimuli zur Anregung des Wachstums seitens der bisher verwendeten Ersatzstrukturen und ‑materialien sowie derzeit verfügbarer dynamischer Zellkultursysteme.

Danksagung

Das IGF-Vorhaben 21022 BR/1 der Forschungsvereinigung Forschungskuratorium Textil e.V. wurde über die AiF im Rahmen des Programms zur Förderung der industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF) vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages gefördert. Wir danken den genannten Institutionen für die Bereitstellung der finanziellen Mittel. Darüber hinaus möchten wir den Mitgliedern des Projektbegleitenden Ausschusses für ihre Unterstützung während der Projektbearbeitung danken.

AutorInnen: Benecke, Lukas; Aibibu, Dilbar; Cherif, Chokri

Technische Universität Dresden
Fakultät Maschinenwesen
Institut für Textilmaschinen und Textile Hochleistungswerkstofftechnik (ITM)
01062 Dresden

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