Research publications

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16.01.2023

Increased performance and sustainability through the use of profiled textile reinforcements for concrete applications

Fibres Yarns Knittings Textile machinery Sustainability Technical Textiles

Abstract

At the ITM of the TU Dresden, new, bond optimized reinforcement yarns were developed on the basis of braiding and forming technology, which can transmit up to 500 % higher bond forces in concrete than yarns without profile. The profiled rovings and braided yarns show at a bond length of only 50 mm a full anchoring. With the forming technology developed at the ITM, profiled rovings could be manufactured which, due to the patented tetrahedral geometry, can almost completely exploit the tensile potential of the carbon fibers. In the course of developing the braiding yarns, a new vario braiding structure was developed, with nearly eliminated structural elongation under load. This made it possible to manufacture profiled reinforcement yarns with very high tensile properties, which is a basic requirement for use in concrete. In addition, the multiaxial warp knitting technology has been further developed in such a way that the new bond optimized reinforcement yarns (profiled rovings and braiding yarns) can be processed without damage into profiled, grid-like textile reinforcements. This results in a significantly higher material efficiency of the textile reinforcement, so that previous necessary disproportionate oversizing and large overlapping lengths can be significantly reduced. This is of enormous importance, especially in view of the energy-intensive production of carbon fibers and consequently for the sustainability goal of the future-oriented carbon concrete technology, in order to make concrete constructions of the future resource saving and sustainable.

The project results achieved also represent a significant contribution to the production of extremely resilient textile-reinforced concrete structures with significantly improves bond properties, arising new prospects in the construction industry for component production in the field of renovation and new construction.

Report

Abstract
Building in a resource-saving way and still exploiting a high performance potential, is that even possible? At the Institute for Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology (ITM) at the TU Dresden, such composite optimized profiled textile reinforcements for concrete applications and the related manufacturing technology were developed as part of the research project IGF 21375 BR. On the basis of braiding and forming technology, a new generation of profiled reinforcement yarns was developed with the help of simulation-based investigations. Like ribbed steel reinforcements, these profiled yarns have a very high bond with the concrete matrix, but despite the profiling they almost fully exploit the performance potential of the carbon fibers in terms of tensile properties. In this way, the bond length required for complete force transmission between the textile reinforcement and the concrete can be reduced to just a few centimeters, and up to 80 % of the component-dependent oversizing of the textile reinforcement can be saved. The further development of the multiaxial warp knitting technology for the requirement-based and fiber-friendly processing of the profiled yarns into grid-like reinforcement structures enables the production of profiled textile reinforcement structures with the highest bond properties for use in carbon-reinforced concrete components with maximum material and resource efficiency.

Initial situation and problem definition
As is generally known, climate change is the greatest challenge of the 21st century, which can only be successfully overcome by consistently saving resources and CO2 emissions. Since the construction industry, with a share of approx. 38 % of global CO2 emissions, has made a significant contribution to global warming to date, in particular due to the enormous cement consumption [1], a change to more energy and resource efficiency as well as a growing awareness of sustainability is absolutely necessary. In the course of this, a resource-efficient carbon concrete, consisting of a corrosion-resistant textile reinforcement in combination with a significantly reduced concrete cover, is established in the construction industry as a convincing alternative to conventional steel reinforced concrete [2,3].

Due to the high load-bearing capacity of the textile reinforcement with the smaller concrete cross-sections required, the bond between the textile and the concrete is extremely important. So far, R&D has focused on the development of impregnations and impregnation systems for improved material bond with the concrete matrix [4]. However, only small forces with a shear flow of about 5 - 40 N/mm can be transferred, an efficient utilization of the textile reinforcement is not possible. Solutions with profiling of the yarn surface promise significant improvements in the transmission of bond forces [5]. Therefore, new technologies for the continuous and reproducible production of profiled textile high-performance fiber yarns and their further processing into reinforcement structures were developed within a research project at the ITM of the TU Dresden. These innovative, profiled reinforcements are characterized by their ability to transmit significantly higher bond forces in concrete [6,7]. In particular, this was realized by a form-fitting effect between the textile and the concrete, that meets the specific requirements of a stiff and symmetrical surface profile of the reinforcement yarns in order to guarantee a constant and high force transmission. To generate the yarn profiling, solutions based on braiding technology and forming processes were developed and implemented with the help of simulation-supported studies. The premises were a permanently stable textile structure and a profile with a symmetrical structure. The realization of grid-like reinforcement structures, consisting of the profiled reinforcement yarns, was carried out using the multiaxial warp knitting technology. This was developed further on a modular basis with regard to the existing processes (yarn feeding, weft yarn insertion, knitting process, impregnation and winding) in accordance with the necessary adaptation measures for the fiber-friendly and requirement-based further processing of the profiled reinforcement yarns into grid-like structures.

Development of the innovative profiled reinforcement yarns
For the development of bond optimized profiled reinforcement yarns for concrete applications, a simulation-supported yarn development was carried out on the basis of braiding and forming technology. In particular, the main challenge was to realize profiled yarns with minimal structural elongation, so that, an initial force transmission of the textile reinforcement is possible and the concrete crack widths are minimized [3] if the concrete matrix fails at approx. 0.2 % elongation. For this purpose, a new type of varying braiding structure was developed. Moreover the braiding technology was further developed to enable a low-undulation and pre-stabilization of the braiding yarn structure during the braiding process, yet still ensuring further textile processing. As a result, it is now possible to implement novel vario braiding yarns as well as conventional packing braided yarns, consisting of carbon fibers with nearly eliminated structural elongation, minimal fiber damage and the required pre-stabilization of the yarn structure (see Table 1).

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Performance potential of the new profiled reinforcement yarns
The newly developed profiled reinforcement yarns are characterized by nearly unchanged tensile properties, yet up to 500 % higher bond properties compared to carbon rovings without profile or rovings extracted from reference textiles (see Figure 1). In addition, they do not show any noticeable structural elongation, so that an initial force transmission is possible without additional crack opening after the failure of the concrete matrix. However, an increase in bond strength of more than 500 % from approx. 20 N/mm of the carbon rovings without a profile to over 100 N/mm of the profiled reinforcement yarns was achieved, which is accompanied by a significant increase in material efficiency (see Figure 1). The vario braiding yarns in particular are characterized by very high bond stiffness, which is of particular interest for an initial force transmission. The packing braiding yarns and the profiled rovings with tetrahedral geometry have almost the same bond properties. The bond stiffness is marginally lower compared to the vario braiding yarns, whereas their production is more productive than the vario braiding yarns.

Development of the multiaxial-warp knitting process
To process the newly profiled reinforcement yarns into a grid-like reinforcement structure, a biaxial warp knitting machine Malimo 14022 at the ITM and the corresponding sub-processes (yarn feeding, weft yarn insertion, knitting process, impregnation and winding) were adapted and further developed so that on the one hand the pre-stabilized braiding yarns and the consolidated tetrahedral-shaped profiled rovings can be processed further. For this purpose, the weft thread laying process in particular was modified by developing a new type of weft thread guide for the laying of the pre-stabilized braiding yarns. Since the rigid profiled rovings could not be processed with the conventional weft laying process, a new type stick placement system consisting of a stick magazine and a shaft with profile rollers was developed (see Figure 2). The pre-cut sticks were individually inserted via the stick placement system into a transport chain modified with new fixing elements.

In order to guarantee textile processing, the pre-stabilized braiding yarns were impregnated and consolidated after the warp knitting process, contrary to the rigid profiled rovings, which do not require any further impregnation.. On the basis of extensive production tests, a new type of impregnation system was developed based on the kiss coater process with an additional coating roller for applying an impregnation agent to both sides of the pre-stabilized braiding yarns. Various reinforcement structures were manufactured and characterized with the implemented system technology. Figure 3 shows a new type of profiled textile reinforcement consisting of prefabricated profiled rovings with tetrahedral shape.

Acknowledgments
The IGF research project 21375 BR of the Forschungsvereinigung Forschungskuratorium Textil e. V. is funded through the AiF within the program for supporting the „Industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF)“ from funds of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action on the basis of a decision by the German Bundestag.

The complete publication is available as download.

Authors: Penzel, Paul; Hahn, Lars; Abdkader, Anwar; Cherif, Chokri

Technische Universität Dresden
Fakultät Maschinenwesen
Institut für Textilmaschinen und Textile Hochleistungswerkstofftechnik (ITM)
01062 Dresden

https://tu-dresden.de/mw/itm

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30.09.2022

DigiPEP: Components designed according to the load path

Composites Technical Textiles

Abstract

Developing components made of fibre-reinforced plastics, is often performed with the focus on the lightweight construction aspect. For this purpose, the occurring load cases are determined on the basis of the boundary conditions and forces. Afterwards, the component is designed accordingly. If this intention is taken even further, the method is usually assigned to the field of Tailored Textiles. Tailored Textiles are, as the term suggests, textiles that are manufactured to suit the application. This also includes the Tailored Fibre Placement (TFP) process. In this process, rovings can be laid down and stitched in a variable axial direction. With this type of placement, embroidery patterns can be created according to the load cases that occur in the moulded component. The process is thus extremely low in waste and can be used for local reinforcement in the form of inserts or as an entire component with an enormous lightweight construction approach. In combination with low acquisition and process costs, the process offers great potential, especially for SMEs.

Report

During the product engineering process (PEP) of fibre composite components made from TFP preforms, a large number of iterations is necessary to ensure the desired properties in the finished component. Especially the interaction of the different process steps from roving deposition, draping to infusion and the occurring interactions complicate the component design. In order to link the required design processes and thus reduce the number of iterations as much as possible, the Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach is used in the DigiPEP project (see Fig. 1). This approach makes it possible to integrate the different models and assign tasks to individual responsible persons. The overall aim is to create a model with a user interface that requires only the most important boundary conditions and decisions from the responsible person. Models for structural analysis, stick path design, topology optimisation, draping and failure analysis of the finished component are to be integrated into the model. Furthermore, a cost estimation as well as a form of life cycle analysis shall be enabled. The generated model will be validated by the design of a demonstrator component. This demonstrator component can be located in the field of future transport and production.

The two-year project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Climate Protection (BMWK) as part of the Lightweight Construction Technology Transfer Programme under funding number 03LB3063A. The following partners are involved in the project: EDAG Group, Digel Sticktech GmbH & Co. KG, ModuleWorks GmbH, Ph-MECHANIK GmbH & Co. KG, adesso SE.

Authors: Rebecca Emmerich, Till Quadflieg

ITA Institut für Textiltechnik an der RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany

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29.09.2022

DigiPEP: Lastpfadgerecht-ausgelegte Bauteile

Composites Technical Textiles

Abstract

Bei Entwicklungen von Bauteilen aus faserverstärkten Kunststoffen steht häufig der Leichtbauaspekt im Vordergrund. Dazu werden die auftretenden Lastfälle anhand der Randbedingungen und Kräfte bestimmt und anschließend das Bauteil entsprechend ausgelegt. Wird dieser Ansatz noch weiter ausgereizt, so wird die Methode meist den Tailored Textiles zugeordnet. Tailored Textiles sind, wie es der Begriff bereits vermuten lässt, Textilien, die auf den Anwendungsfall abgestimmt hergestellt werden. Dazu gehört ebenfalls das Tailored Fibre Placement (TFP) Verfahren. Dabei können Rovings variabel-axial abgelegt und festgestickt werden. Durch diese Art der Ablage können Stickmuster gemäß den auftretenden Lastfällen im geformten Bauteil erstellt werden. Das Verfahren ist somit extrem verschnittarm und kann zur lokalen Verstärkung in Form von Inserts eingesetzt werden oder als gesamtes Bauteil mit einem enormen Leichtbauansatz verwendet werden. In Kombination mit geringen Anschaffungs- und Prozesskosten bietet das Verfahren besonders für KMU ein großes Potential.

Report

Während des Produktentstehungsprozesses (PEP) von Faserverbundbauteilen aus TFP-Preforms ist eine Vielzahl von Iterationen notwendig um die gewünschten Eigenschaften im fertigen Bauteil zu gewährleisten. Vor allem das Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen Prozessschritte von der Roving-Ablage, der Drapierung bis hin zur Infusion und die auftretenden Wechselwirkungen erschweren die Bauteilauslegung. Um die benötigten Auslegungsprozesse zu verknüpfen und so die Anzahl der Iterationen möglichst zu reduzieren wird im Rahmen des DigiPEP-Projektes der Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) Ansatz verwendet (siehe Abb. 1). Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht eine Integration der verschiedenen Modelle und eine Zuordnung der Aufgaben zu einzelnen Verantwortlichen. Insgesamt soll somit ein Modell mit einem User Interface entstehen, das nur die wichtigsten Randbedingungen und Entscheidungen von dem jeweiligen Verantwortlichen erfordert. In das Modell sollen Modelle zur Strukturanalyse, Stickpfadauslegung, Topologie-Optimierung, Drapierung und Versagensanalyse des fertigen Bauteils integriert werden. Darüber hinaus soll eine Kosteneinschätzung sowie eine Form der Lebenszyklusanalyse ermöglicht werden. Um die verschiedenen Modelle zu erzeugen und eine Datenbasis aufzubauen, wird u.a. das Ablageverhalten verschiedener Materialien untersucht sowie mechanische Prüfungen an Probenkörper durchgeführt. Dabei werden die Produktionsparameter variiert, um deren Einfluss auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften zu untersuchen. Diese Variation wird ebenfalls zur Untersuchung des Drapierverhaltens verwendet. Zur Repräsentation des Drapierverhaltens im Modell soll eine Datenbasis aus qualitativen Versuchen erzeugt und mittels Künstlicher Intelligenz in das MBSE-Modell integriert werden.

Das erzeugte Modell wird anhand der Auslegung eines Demonstrator-Bauteils validiert. Dieses Demonstrator-Bauteil stammt aus dem Bereich des zukünftigen Transportes und der Produktion der Zukunft. Das erzeugte MBSE-Modell soll durch das erstellte Userinterface einfach bedienbar sein. Als Einsatzgebiet zielt das Projekt besonders auf KMU ab, um für diese den Einsatz der TFP-Technologie zu vereinfachen und die Auslegung neuer Bauteile zu beschleunigen. Darüber hinaus wird angestrebt durch die Software eine grobe Kosten- sowie Nachhaltigkeitsabschätzung zu ermöglichen. Damit kann der Anwender vor der genaueren Planung bereits erste Aussagen gegenüber dem Kunden treffen.

Das auf zwei Jahre ausgelegte Projekt wird vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK) im Rahmen des Technologietransferprogramms Leichtbau unter der Fördernummer 03LB3063A gefördert. An der Bearbeitung sind die folgenden Partner beteiligt: EDAG Group, Digel Sticktech GmbH & Co. KG, ModuleWorks GmbH, Ph-MECHANIK GmbH & Co. KG, adesso SE.

Authors: Rebecca Emmerich, Till Quadflieg

ITA Institut für Textiltechnik an der RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 1, 52074 Aachen, Deutschland

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